Benefits of Earning Bachelors of Nursing Degree

There are number of different nursing degrees available for students. These degrees are available from entry level to specific specializations in the field of nursing. Minimum duration for entry level education in nursing field is 2 years that further extend to 4 years. Individuals who are willing to become a qualified nurse can join associates degree. While individuals possessing more interest in nursing profession who have strong desire to become highly qualified nurse working independently may join a 4 year on-campus or online bachelor's degree. All nursing degree programs are beneficial for its students allowing them to work as qualified professional. Bachelors of Science in Nursing offers more advantages as compared to associates' level degree. Bachelors of Nursing Degree holders can earn high salary and job promotions. Furthermore, more employers accept students with bachelors level degree, because they are more capable to carryout various responsibilities independently.

Benefits of Earning Bachelors of Nursing Degree
Although, an associate's Degree in Nursing has been the quicker way to become registered nurse for 51 years, allowing them to join all entry level jobs in health care facilities earning almost same salaries like Bachelors degree holders. Due to such professional and career similarities, individuals may think that the only difference between these two degrees is two year more schooling in case of bachelor's degree. But actual picture is entirely different. Earning Bachelors of Nursing Degree offers various benefits to students who get enrolled in any accredited college or university to complete this degree. Following are some major benefits of earning Bachelors level education.

Greater Potential
Even with almost negligible differences in earning, both the degrees have very clear differences between them. The major difference or advantage, bachelor of nursing degree offers to its students is the significant rise in available employment opportunities. It is also mandatory to complete BSN degree, if an individual has a desire to get promotion on management level positions as well as becoming an advanced practice nurse or professional in academic and research departments in hospitals. Most of the employers prefer applicants possessing higher level degrees among large pool of applicants.

Higher Salaries
As we know that starting salaries for Associates Degree in Nursing and Bachelors of Science in Nursing is almost same. But candidates with higher level degrees can earn more money due to increased career growth and promotion options. Approximately a qualified nurse with Bachelors of Science in Nursing can earn extra $10,000 every year. Some hospitals also offer small bonuses of $1 extra per hour. Bachelor's degree holder professionals can earn remarkably higher salaries if they get promoted to managerial levels. Associates degree holders are not eligible to work on higher posts. Due to these eligibility criteria Bachelor of Nursing Degree is the best option for candidates who want to earn higher salaries.
Enhanced Training and Hands-on Experience
It is obvious that spending more time in a nursing degree program will give its candidates more knowledge and skills to work independently. Individuals learn how to handle tough clinical situations effectively, how to take immediate decisions for the betterment of patients. On the other hand nurses with bachelor degree are capable to work in operation theaters and increase survival rate of patients due to their efficiency. They also get trained to work in non hospital settings like community health centers and physician clinics.

Advancement Opportunities and Future
Almost all administrative jobs in health care facilities need bachelor's level education. It is also necessary to complete bachelor's nursing degree if you want to specialize in research and teaching. Due to providing high level training and more number of employment options, Bachelor's of Science in Nursing will replace Associates Degree and become mandatory to work as registered nurse. Experts evaluated that as employers get more aware with expertise of Bachelor degree holders, will prefer these degree holders on all entry level jobs.

Conclusion
Considering these benefits, it is very clear that besides possessing similarities among starting salaries and initial career with associates degree holders, a bachelor's degree holder will have more chances to advance their career and earnings. It has now become very easy to obtain Bachelor's Nursing Degree, because number of top accredited colleges and universities have identified students problems and employers demand, and they have started offering all nursing degrees via online programs. All professionals and students, who are currently employed, can earn their bachelor education via online degree programs.

A Brief Look At Travel Nursing Worldwide

The traveling nurse enjoys so many benefits as compared to his counterparts as his salary rate is somewhat higher than that of a usual nurse.This is then compounded by his experience as a professional, the geographical setting and the specialty area where one is an expert into.What then is the prospect of the said profession in terms of a global view? Is the demand high as stipulated by many? Let's take a look.
United States of America
This country is by far the most coveted place for nurses aspiring to work abroad especially for those who come from Asia, namely the Philippines, China, India and Indonesia just to name a few.The highly dynamic nursing culture of the United States has been viewed as the ultimate nurse destination with respect to the earning potential that a nurse may accrue inside the territory of the said great country.The thing about this is that that high regard for the work opportunities in the said country has made it one of the highly critical places to work in as a nurse due to its high regulation of the said practice.This is also coupled with the difficulties in obtaining that famous US visa, the dream of practicing in the United States is very hard to obtain.One must take and pass the National Council Licensure Exam for Nurses (NCLEX-RN) to be able to become a registered nurse in the country and enjoy the benefits of working in the premises of the country.
Europe
Continental Europe offers a great place to practice travel nursing.The ease of traveling to so many cities and country in the continent adds to the allure of being able to work in the said region.Like the US however, it is very hard to get a working permit as well as a visa not to mention the high-end lifestyle that one must maintain in conjunction with the commodity prices in the area.
Canada
This is one of the best places to go and practice travel nursing as the said country has great offerings for those who are willing to work in their territory.The high demand for labor force in the country has made Canada the second best choice next to the United States.It might also be a great doorway towards the El Dorado of nurses, the United States.
Australia
Australia presents one of the best places to work in as a travel nurse nowadays. One will be required to take an English proficiency test as part of the requirement for a working visa in the territory which usually lasts for about 2 years.Travel nurses also enjoy many benefits as given to by their employers as required by the government of Australia.
Middle East
The dessert coughs up money from its sands.The great number of nurses that come into the region manifests this phenomenon and contrary to common belief, working conditions there are great as long as one takes care not to break any laws of the land that would warrant losing his head.Free lodging, great security, free taxes and many more enjoyable benefits!

Florida Children Being Stuck in Nursing Homes

It has recently come to the attention of the Justice Department that Florida has been institutionalizing hundreds of young children with disabilities by putting them in nursing home facilities that are designed for elderly patients. And the children are not just staying for a quick layover, some have been in a nursing home for years. These actions are in direct violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act.

The Justice Department believes that the reason behind having so many children in nursing homes is due to Florida failing to set aside enough money to cover in-home nursing care, therapy and other services that would enable parents to care for their own children in their own homes. Federal investigations show that the state has completely cut 24-hour in-home nursing and other home-based services for children who use ventilators, feeding tubes, and other complicated technology. Without any help from the state, parents are trying to find the funds to take care of their children at home, but many are falling short and are forced to let their children go to a nursing home.

Children by the hundreds are being put in these nursing homes all over Florida and they are growing up without their families. At least 50 children have been stuck in the same home for 5 years. Tom Perez, the Assistant Attorney General to Pamela Bondi, the Florida Attorney General, state that the children €live segregated lives€ and are not given many chances to be around children or adults without disabilities. They are also not given opportunities to experience a majority of educational, social and recreational activities that are €critical to a child's development.€

These children are surrounded by elderly nursing home patients and a few other children with disabilities. They spend the majority of their time in their beds or watching TV and federal authorities have said that their educational opportunities are limited to about 45 minutes per day. These kids are classified as €medically complex€ or €medically fragile,€ and can be suffering from traumatic brain injuries or cerebral palsy. Some are on ventilators, many have tracheotomies, and most need medical apparatus or equipment to help them survive.

A 5 year old quadriplegic child, injured in a car accident, has been residing in a state facility for three years. Her mother has been trying in vain to bring her home, told that there is a waiting list for community and home-based services that is between 5 and 10 years. Another child is a 6 year old girl living in an institution who has to receive nutrition through a feeding tube. While under her mother's care, the feeding tube fell out several times and it was recommended that the girl should be released back to her mother, but to give the child brief daily visits from a nurse to maintain the tube. The state refused to pay for any amount of nursing care, and so the child remains in the facility.

It's estimated that to be cared for in a nursing home, each child costs about $500 per day, which is more than elderly patients cost. Nurses are working overtime, scurrying between patients, and desperately trying to take meet the needs of a wide range of patients. Federal investigators are threatening a lawsuit. Florida maintains that they were just following federal laws.

Nursing Health Care Programs

The Nursing Health Care Education Program has received a lot of recognition in the recent past as one of the fast growing fields in education. It is essentially meant for health care and nursing professionals who are keen on developing a career in education or service. This course is great for those who wish to further their education in nursing or even for those who wish to pursue better job opportunities in the field of nursing.

The curriculum of Health Care Education is largely centered around teaching and development of leadership skills. Courses in this program deal with curriculum setting and strategies for acquiring learning skills. Additionally, this course is hugely helpful to those who have recently become nursing educators and provides them with knowledge about new applications and practical nursing skills.

Teaching staff who are new to this profession or those who wish to improve their nursing or teaching skills will also find this course very useful. There is a lot of complex nursing theory and research that is covered in this course which prepares the nurses to really grow and develop as future health care professionals of great capability. If there are nurses with plans to grow in an administrative position and would also like to apply for supervisory positions, passing this program can give them a decided edge.

Even nurses with longstanding practical careers can take advantage of this course to develop leadership skills and teaching abilities. Generally this course is covered when nurses acquire a post graduate degree in order to prepare for a career in teaching or administration.

Of all the health care courses, this one not only focuses on furthering medical knowledge but also development of teaching skills and leadership qualities. Plenty of colleges and universities in the US offer a nursing program in health care education. For those who already have a BS in Nursing, some colleges even offer a certificate program in nursing health care education as an opportunity for continuing education.

There are even online health care education programs that one can take and avoid the headache of traveling to a college campus. Of course, you need to take precaution to check whether the college as well as the course are accredited and have a decent reputation.

Whether you choose to take the course in a college campus or online, you must ensure that you are training under a good faculty who can teach you all the ins and outs of the trade and truly develop your skills. The health care industry in the United States is evolving and growing on a fast pace. If you wish to lead and stay on top, taking this course can give you the lead.

Five Fresh Ideas For A Home Based Business

1. Write product descriptions. There are millions of items for sale online and if you were to do a search of just one product on Google you would find that the product descriptions on each of the sites are virtually the same. How is a company to stand out? Simple, they have you write an original product description for their items. Not only will they stand out, but they also have a better chance to be indexed higher in the search engines.
2. Write a referral blog for local contractors. Blogs are still hot and very easy to use. Here’s a twist on a referral business that’s easy to start and virtually free. First, start a blog and give it a good name. You can use WordPress.com and it’s free. Second, get out the phone book and contact local contractors in your area. Let them know that you would like to feature them in your blog for FREE. Yes free (for now). Third, ask them for a list of references and also have them tell you about their business and exactly what they do. Take good notes. Fourth, enter a blog post for each contractor and tell about their company, what they do, and also the referral testimonials. Fifth, once you’ve got enough contractors and categories, make your blog known by emailing your friends and asking them to pass it on to their local homeowner friends. Have the homeowners sign up for your blog and collect their email. Finally, after a while you will have a vehicle to create real income. If you spend the time to build up your list and you either email them or have an RSS feed each time you add a contractor or someone posts a testimonial about a contractor, you can make a good case for contractors paying you. It should be easy to get 200 contractors. If they pay you $30 per month to be listed, that’s $6000.oo per month for you.
3. Start a price checking business. What exactly is a price checking business? If you go to Google and do a search for any product, you will find hundreds if not thousands of the same product on different sites and virtually all at different prices. Problem, in order to be competitive, an online retailer must know what the competition is doing at all times. Problem, searching all those sites every minute of every day to keep up with pricing would be murder. Solution. You. If you have Microsoft office 2003 there’s a neat little trick you can do online. If you go to any site that sells anything and right click, and click "download to excel" it will allow you to pick the table you want to download and then put it in a nice table format in Excel. Also, anytime the Query is refreshed and a price changes, the spreadsheet will update. To market this service simply pick any product, do a Google search and collect the information from the top 20 websites. Make your spreadsheet with just that one product and contact the owners and offer to send the spreadsheet to them for free so that they can try it out. One product, 20 leads. Charge per 20, 50, or 100 products. It’s a one time deal for you but you can send the information monthly or weekly and charge accordingly.
4. Be a link finder. What is a link finder? With Google’s new patent application we were able to delve a little deeper into their secrets. Because of this we have found that it’s definitely not the number of links but the quality of links to your site that counts. Not only that but you better be sure the sites that link to you are relevant sites. Now, go online and pick any niche. Research the companies, do a link check, and also a keyword analysis. Now use the keywords and links to find relevant sites for that niche. Go to the sites, find their linking policies, and put it in report format. Also be sure to use Google’s page rank feature and don’t include and page ranked under four. Now you have information for sale. You can even put the information in eBook form and sale it on a website. Remember, you’re looking for complimentary companies, not competition.
5. Start an online PR firm. This will be fun. Here’s how it works. Pick a niche. Subscribe to as many forums and Blogs as you can find in that niche. Set up RSS (Really Simple Syndication) for these blog post and forums. There will be many opportunities where someone in those Blogs and forums could benefit from the knowledge or a product of a company you represent. For instance, suppose someone is looking for a blue widget with automatic wipers and supercharged carburetion, since you know the companies you’re representing and their products or knowledge base, you should be able to give a subtle referral for these companies. Charge per referral and simply send a report each month with the links to the Blogs or posts.

How to Find a Legitimate Home Based Business Today

If you have considered removing yourself from the dreaded workplace grind and beginning your own business, you are already one step ahead of today's society in terms of your taking charge of your financial future. By starting your own business, you are not allowing anyone else to affect the direction of your fiscal growth. This means no more layoffs, firings, or pay cuts in most situations.
As a business owner, you will control your own future. However, finding a legitimate home based business can be difficult to do, considering all of the online scams out there. There are a couple things you can do to avoid these types of scams which are all over the Internet. You could either start your own business from scratch part time while working at your current job or do some research on existing companies. Here are a few ideas to get you started.
Figure out what interest you. Maybe you have a marketable skill that you can start from home. Computer repair, baking cakes or cutting lawns are examples of businesses that can be started at home.
Research is important when it comes to legitimate home based business opportunities. Begin looking up specific programs or companies, you are interested in to find out information about them. There are many types of reviews online by people who have used various programs or courses to rate them. Instead of searching on websites, the best place to confirm if it is a legitimate home based business is on the online open forums. The reason for this is because most people in these forums are participating in discussions, rather than trying to boost their own affiliate sales, thus posting a fake review will certainly get the business poor reviews.
By outlining what you plan to do, you are planning for success in the future so this is highly advised. Starting your own business means crunching numbers when there is an investment to be made, but in the long run - it will certainly be worthwhile.
Never underestimate the knowledge or the drive that is in you to succeed in spite of what the economy is doing. Understanding your market and giving your clients more than they expected can and will payoff in the end. In the case you want to start your own legitimate home based business, you need to gather things like your portfolio, materials, equipment, time, sweat equity and make a plan for success.

The Entrepreneurial Personality and Home Based Business Opportunity Seeker

What is it that motivates the entrepreneur and true home based business opportunity seeker?
Of all the hundreds of thousands of people who make the transition every year from employee to entrepreneur, some succeed and others fail.
Could there be some common characteristics those who manage to succeed all have in common?
Many of these successful home based business opportunity seeker seems to recall some sense of urgency when starting their business. This sense of urgency has been described as a transition which took them from merely the desire to start a business to a necessity.
Ranking high on the true entrepreneur's list of reasons for striking out on their own also seems to be a fundamental need to control their own destiny. The true entrepreneur is never truly happy taking orders from a higher-up and ultimately, seeks to find some way in which they can shape their own destiny.
There are many different motivating factors which inspire home based business opportunity seekers to become their own boss. For some, it's the desire to improve their overall quality of life. For others, it's the need to achieve a personal level of accomplishment by reaching certain goals.
Now, desire and passion aren't all it takes to be successful, but these are the things that will make the big difference over time in the way of long term success and financial independence.
As a bit of a personal note, I truly believe that a large majority of the people who manage to find success in business in general as well as business online have one truly important thing in common.
I've heard said that the #1 mistake entrepreneurs and home based business opportunity seekers make is looking for the hottest product to sell.
Let me explain...
Sure it's great to have a product that's in demand, however take this into consideration. People don't purchase products because of the product itself. People purchase products because of the benefits those products offer.
More important that trying to sell the hottest product is being passionate about your product and your business. People respond to genuine enthusiasm about products and services. When you are passionate about what you do, it really makes all the difference.
Something I like to say is this, "it's much, much easier to turn something you love into a business/money making opportunity than it is to turn a business/money making opportunity into something that you love."

One would think that a revolutionary information tool like the internet would be the perfect match for network marketing and online business. Why is it then, that so many online entrepreneurs still struggle with the incredible marketing and lead generating potential of the net?

Nomenclature of Single point cutting tool

The single point cutting tool has only one cutting point or edge. These tools used for turning, boring, shaping or planning operations. These tools used on lathe, boring and shaper machines.

A single point cutting tool consists of a sharpened cutting part and the shank and main parts or elements which are:

1: Shank

It is the main body of the tool.

2: Flank:

The surface or surfaces below the adjacent to the cutting edge is called flank of the tool.

3: Face

The surface on which the chip slides is called the face of the tool.

4: Heel

It is the intersection of the flank and the base of the tool.

5: Nose

It is the point where the side cutting edge and end cutting edge intersect.

6: Cutting Edge

It is the edge on the face of the tool which removes the material from the work piece. The cutting edge consists of the side cutting edge(major cutting edge) and cutting edge(minor cutting edge) and the nose.

Electric Resistance Welding

It is a type of pressure welding. It is used for joining pieces of sheet metal or wire. The welding heat is obtained at the location of the desired weld by the electrical resistance through the metal pieces to a relatively short duration, low voltage, high ampere electric current. The amount of current can be regulated by changing the primary turns of the transformer. When the area to be welded is sufficiently heated, the pressure varying from 25MPa to 55MPa is applied to the joining area by suitable electrodes until the weld is solid. The various types of electric resistance welding are as follows:

 

(1) Spot welding

It is used for welding lap joints, joining components made from plate material having 0.025 to 1.25 mm in thickness. The plate to be joined together are places between the two electrode tips of copper or copper alloy. 

 

(2) Roll spot and seam welding

When the spot welds on two over lapping pieces of metal are spaced, the process of welding is known as roll spot welding. If the spot welds are sufficiently made close, then the process is called seam welding. This process is best for metal thickness ranging from 0.0.25 to 3 mm.

 

(3) Projection welding

It is similar to spot welding except that one of the metal pieces to be welded has projections on its surface at the points, Where the welds are to be made. In other words it is a multi spot welding process.

 

(4) Butt welding

The butt welding is of two type :

·        Upset butt welding

·        Flash butt welding

The upset butt welding is especially adopted to rods, pipes and many other components of uniform sections. The flash butt welding is extensively used in the manufacture of steel containers and in the welding of mild steel shanks to high speed drills and reamers.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

The application of First Law of Thermodynamics process led to the establishment of a new property named internal energy (U), the application of the second law to a process leads to the establishment of another new property names as entropy (S).

Entropy is defined as follows

Δ

S

=

Q

T

rev

For a reversible thermodynamic process between two states, from state 1 to state 2 in an open system, the change in entropy is given by

It is found by applying Clausius inequality that for for an irreversible process from state 1 to state 2, the change in entropy is given by

Mechanical Inventions

Below tables shows list of 112 Mechanical Inventions arranged in the order of invented year with inventor(s) name and inventor country they belong to.

If you want us to include any more Mechanical Inventions comment below.

First Law of Thermodynamics

The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy is neither created nor destroyed, thus the total energy of the universe is a constant. However, energy can certainly be transferred from one form to another form.

The 1st Law of thermodynamics is mathematically stated as follows:

§dQ = §dW

During a thermodynamic cycle, a cyclic process the systems undergoes, the cyclic integral of heat added is equal to integral of work done. the first law equation can also be written in the form,

§(dQ – dW) = 0

Equation dU = dQ - dW is corollary for first law of thermodynamics. It shows that there exists a property internal energy (U) of the system, such that a change in its value is equal to the difference in heat entering and work leaving the system.

Sign convention for heat and work in  first law of thermodynamics is represented in picture below.

Another property named enthalpy (H) can also be defined now as a combination of properties U, p and V.

H = U + pV

For a reversible process, since dW = pdV, the first law of thermodynamics can also be written as

dQ = dU + pdV

Properties of Fluids

Understanding the properties of fluids is essential to analyse their behavior in working conditions.

In this post I have written the fluid properties namely mass density, specific weight, specific volume, specific gravity, viscosity, vapor pressure, compressibility and surface tension.

Mass Density:

Mass Density (ρ) is the property of a fluid is the mass per unit volume.

Specific Weight:

Specific Weight (w) of a fluid is the weight per unit volume.

Specific Volume:

Specific Volume (v) of a fluid is the volume of the fluid per unit mass.

Specific Gravity or Relative Density:

Specific Gravity (s) of a fluid is the ratio of the mass density of a fluid to the mass density of a standard fluid.

Viscosity:

Viscosity is property by virtue of which it offers resistance to the movement of one layer of fluid over the adjacent layer.

Vapor Pressure:

When a liquid is confined in a closed vessel, the ejected vapor molecules accumulated in the space between free liquid pressure and top of the vessel exert a partial pressure on the liquid surface. This pressure in liquid is known as vapor pressure.

Compressibility:

The normal compressive stress of any fluid element at rest is known as hydro static pressure which arises as a result of innumerable molecular collisions in the entire fluid. The degree of compressibility of a substance is characterized by bulk modulus of elasticity (K).

Surface Tension:

Surface is a measure of fluid tendency to take a spherical shape, caused by mutual attraction of the liquid molecules.

15 most Popular Car Manufacturing companies

In this post We have written the top 15 most Popular automobile car manufacturing companies. We have given ranking to automobile companies by considering number of followers to company in social media. Social media that we have considered are google+, twitter and facebook. Calculation of number of followers is made on basis of calculating sum of total followers in facebook, google+ and twitter . Only the company's worldwide social accounts are considered (Regional social media accounts are not considered while making this analysis). If the company doesn't have worldwide account, USA accounts are considered for making analysis.

15. Volkswagen Group

Volkswagen is an German automobile manufacturer. Volkswagen group products are Automobiles, commercial vehicles, engines, motorcycles, turbomachinery. Vw stands 15th position in social media followers.

14. Mitsubishi

Mitsubishi is an autonomous Japanese multinational companies. Mitsubishi products are Mining, shipbuilding, telecom, financial services, insurance, electronics, automotive, construction, heavy industries, real estate, foods and beverages, chemicals, steel.etc. This company stands 14th position in social media followers with 2,299,000 fans as on 15th August.

13. Mazda

Mazda Motor Corporation is a Japanese automobile company. Mazda manufactures luxury vehicles, commercial vehicles, engines and motorcycles. It has 2720k fans with thirteenth position.

12. Toyota

Toyota is a Japanese Automotive Manufacturer. Toyota Motor Corporation manufactures luxury vehicles, commercial vehicles, engines and motorcycles. Toyota has 2771k fans on three social media.

11. Chrysler

Chrysler is an American Automobile Manufacturer owned by Italian company Fiat. Chrysler manufactures Commercial vehicles and Automotive parts. Chrysler and GM have nearly same number of followers in social media.

10. General Motors

General Motors is known as GM. It is an American Multinational corporation. General Motors manufactures are Automobile parts Commercial Vehicles. GM couldn't be successful in getting followers from facebook it stands 10th position with 2883k  fans.

9. Fiat

Fiat is the main Italian car manufacturer, founded in 1900. It owns the company Chrysler. Fiat products are Automobiles, commercial vehicles, auto parts, newspapers. Fiat company has 30 lakh followers in social media which makes it to stand in ninth position.

8. Honda

Honda Motor Company Ltd. is a Japanese company famously known as a manufacturer of automobiles, motorcycles and power equipment. Honda is the world largest two wheeler manufacture from the past 50 years. Honda has nearly 40 lakh fans.

7. Hyundai

Hyundai Group is a multinational chaebol headquartered in Seoul, South Korea. Honda was founded in 1947 as a construction. Hyundai products are Automobiles, Heavy industry, Finance and Insurance, Construction, Engineering, Retail, Aerospace, Defense and Steel. Hyundai has good number of fans in social media which sums up to 4,411,000 including facebook, google+, twitter.

6. Kia

Kia Motors Corporation is South Korea's second-largest automobile manufacturer. Kia's products are automobiles, Luxury cars and Commercial vehicles. It stands sixth in position in social media following with around 5 billion followers.

5. Ford Motor

Ford Motor company is an American multinational Automaker. Ford Motor Company Automobile products are Luxury Vehicles Commercial Vehicles Automotive parts. Ford stands fifth in social media fans with 4,988,000 followers.

4. Audi

Audi is a German automobile manufacturer that designs, engineers, produces, markets and distributes automobiles. Audi manufactures only luxury cars. It has clear leader on twitter with 810,000 fans, with overall 11,667,000 fans.

3. Nissan Group

Nissan Group products are Industrial machinery, telecommunications, power plants, information systems, electronics, automotive, materials, financial services, construction. It is third position with 13,791,000 followers.

2. Mercedes-Benz

Mercedes-Benz is a German automobile manufacturer, a multinational division of the German manufacturer Daimler AG. Mercedes-Benz is used for luxury automobiles, buses, coaches and trucks. Benz stands second in social network with 19,857,000 fans.

1. BMW Group

BMW (Bayerische Motoren Werke AG) is a German automobile company. BMW products are luxury vehicles, motorcycles and bicycles.

It stands first position in the social media with 23,276,000 followers.








Below table shows the social media fans count to top 15 automobile manufacturing companies.

There is no positive correlation between increase in sales and increase in social media fans.
All these data were collected on August 15th, 2014.

Temperature conversion from one scale to another scale

A temperature scale is established by assigning numerical values to certain reproducible states. It is customary to use the fixed points ice point and steam point.

Ice point is the equilibrium temperature of ice with air-saturated water at a pressure of 101.325 kPa which assigned a value of 0 degree centigrade.

Steam point is the equilibrium temperature of pure water with its own vapor at 101.325 kPa which is assigned a value of 100 deg C.

The temperature scale with the above fixed points is called Celsius scale.

Relationship between different temperature scales

Where,

LPF = Lower Fixed Point,

UPF = Upper Fixed Point.

F = Fahrenhiet scale,

C = Centigrade scale,
K = Kelvin scale

R = Reaumer’s scale,

ρ = Our defined scale,

Below I have given the program for converting temperature from one scale to another scale. Write the value of any one scale and then press 'Calculate' then you will get corresponding values in the remaining scales.

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Temperature Scale Converter

Fahrenheit Scale(F): 
Celsius Scale (C): 
Reaumer Scale (R): 
Kelvin Scale (K): 

    

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Differences between Welding, Soldering and Brazing

Welding, Soldering and Brazing are the process used for joining separate pieces of metal. Each type of joining process has its own significance. Type of joining process to be used depends on many factors. In this article I have written the three major differences the welding, soldering and brazing joints.

S.No	Welding	Soldering	Brazing
1	Welding joints are strongest joints used to bear the load. Strength of the welded portion of joint is usually more than the strength of base metal.	Soldering joints are weakest joints out of three. Not meant to bear the load. Use to make electrical contacts generally.	Brazing are weaker than welding joints but stronger than soldering joints. This can be used to bear the load up to some extent.
2	Temperature required is 3800 degree Centigrade in Welding joints.	Temperature requirement is up to 450 degree Centigrade in Soldering joints.	Temperature may go to 600 degree Centigrade in Brazing joints.
3	Work piece to be joined need to be heated till their melting point.	Heating of the work pieces is not required	Work pieces are heated but below their melting point.

Wein's Displacement Law

The Wien's Displacement Law states that a black body having a wavelength (λ_max) carrying the maximum energy is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature (T).

λmax * T = b

Where, λmax  =  Wavelength of maximum intensity in meters,

T  =  Temperature of the black body in kelvins,

b  = Wien's displacement constant  =  2.898 × 10^(-3) meter.kelvins

Image Credits : Hyperphysics

Wien's Displacement law equation is useful for the find the temperatures of hot radiant bodies such as stars and used for a finding of the temperature of any radiant object which is far above that of its surroundings.

Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)

The LMTD is a logarithmic average of the temperature difference between the hot and cold fluid streams at each end of the heat exchanger. The larger the value of LMTD, the higher heat is transferred.

The rate of heat transfer can be expressed as q = U*A*ΔT_m

_{Where ∆Tm is the log mean temperature difference given as}

Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger

Counter Flow Heat Exchanger

Assumptions made in LMTD method are

• The Internal Energy (U) is constant throughout the Heat Energy
• Cp and m are constant.
• The Heat Exchanger is perfectly insulated
• The Cross Section of stream is uniform
• No conduction of heat along the tubes of Heat Exchanger
• The Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy changes are negligible
• The flow conditions are steady

Gas Laws

Gas Laws explain the behavior of an ideal gas in terms of Temperature, Pressure, Volume. The following are some of the important gas laws are

• Boyle’s Law
• Charles Law
• Gay-Lussac’s Law
• Avogadro’s law
• Universal Gas Law

Boyle’s Law:

Boyle’s law states that the volume of a given mass of gas (V) is inversely proportional to its absolute pressure (P), provided the temperature of the gas (T) remains constant.
Boyle’s law formula

Charles Law:

According to Charles law, the volume of a given mass of gas (V) is directly proportional to its absolute temperature (T), when its pressure remains constant.
Charles law formula

Gay-Lussac’s Law:

Gay-Lussac's Law is also know as Amontons’ law. It states that if the volume of a given mass of a gas (V) is kept constant, then the pressure of the gas (P) is directly proportional to its absolute temperature (T).
Gay-Lussac's Law Formula

Avogadro’s Law:

Avogadro's law states that equal volumes of different perfect gases, at the same temperature (T) and pressure (P), contain equal number of molecules (n).
Avogadro’s law equation

Universal Gas Law:

Combined Gas law is derived from the three gas laws Boyles law, Charles law and Gay-Lussacs law.

Universal Gas Law Formula

Laws of Friction

The sliding of a solid body in contact with another solid body is always opposed by  force of friction. Friction acts in the direction opposite to that of relative motion and it is tangential to the surface of two bodies at the point of contact.

Friction is a necessary in every machine because it involves wearing of machine component and consumes energy that transfers into heat. In come cases friction is desirable in case for functioning of a machine, such as belt drives, friction clutches.

The Five Laws of Friction:

1. When a body is moving, the friction is directly proportional to normal force and frictional force direction is perpendicular to the normal force.
2. Friction doesn't depend on the area of contact so long as there is an area of contact.
3. The coefficient of static friction is slightly higher the value than the coefficient of kinetic friction.
4. Kinetic friction is independent of velocity of the body.
5. Friction depends upon the type of the surfaces in contact.

Manometer Types

A manometer is a device used for measure the pressure of a fluid by balancing it with against a column of a liquid. Five different types of manometers are shown with pictures below.

U-Tube Manometer :

It consist a U – shaped bend whose one end is attached to the gauge point ‘A’ and other end is open to the atmosphere. It can measure both positive and negative (suction) pressures. It contains liquid of specific gravity greater than that of a liquid of which the pressure is to be measured.

where 'γ' is Specific weight, 'P' is Pressure at A.

Pressure at A is P = γ₂h₂ – γ₁h₁

Differential Manometer :

A U-Tube manometric liquid heavier than the liquid for which the pressure difference is to be measured and is not immiscible with it.

Pressure difference between A and B is given by equation

P_A – P_B = γ₂h₂ – γ₃h₃ – γ₁h₁

Inverted U-Tube Manometer :

Inverted U-Tube manometer consists of an inverted U - Tube containing a light liquid. This is used to measure the differences of low pressures between two points where where better accuracy is required. It generally consists of an air cock at top of manometric fluid type.

Pressure difference can be calculated from equation

P₁ - ρ₁*g*H₁ – ρ_m*g(H₂– H₁) = P₂ – ρ₂*gH₂

Micro Manometer :

Micro Manometer is is the modified form of a simple manometer whose one limb is made of larger cross sectional area. It measures very small pressure differences with high precision.

Let 'a' = area of the tube,

A = area of the reservoir,

h_{3 =} Falling liquid level reservoir,

h_{2 =} Rise of the liquid in the tube,

By conversation of mass we get A*h₃ = a*h₂

_{Equating pressure heads at datum we get} 

P₁ = (ρ_m – ρ₁)*gh₃ + ρ_m*gh₂ - ρ₁*gh₁

Inclined Manometer :

Inclined manometer is used for the measurement of small pressures and is to measure more accurately than the vertical tube type manometer. Due to inclination the distance moved by the fluid in manometer is more.

Pressure difference between A and B is give by equation

Governor types - Centrifugal Governor and Inertia Governor

Governor is a device used to maintain the speed of an engine within specified limits when the engine works in varying of different loads.

Based on the source of controlling force, the governors can be classified into two types. They are centrifugal governors and inertia governors.

Centrifugal Governors :

In centrifugal governors, multiple masses know as governor balls, are responsible to revolve about the axis of a shaft, which is driven through suitable gearing from the engine crankshaft. Each ball is acted upon by a force which acts in the radially inward direction and is provided by dead weight, a spring or a combination of two. This force is commonly called as the controlling force and it will increase as the distance of the ball from the axis of rotation increases. The inward or outward movement of the ball is transmitted by the governor mechanism to the valve which controls the amount of energy supplied to the engine.

Image Source : flickr.com

Inertia Governor :

In inertia governors, the balls are arranged in manner that the inertia forces caused by angular acceleration or retardation of the governor shaft tend to change their position. The obvious advantage of inertia governor lies in its rapid response to the effect of a change of load. This advantage is small, however by the practical difficulty of arranging for the complete balance of the revolving parts of the governor. For this reason Centrifugal governors are preferred over the inertia governors.

Lami's Theorem

In statics, Lami's theorem is an equation that relates the magnitudes of three coplanar, concurrent and non-collinear forces, that keeps a body in static equilibrium.

Lami’s theorem states that if three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium, each force is proportional to the sine of the angle between the other two forces.

Consider three forces A, B, C acting on a particle or rigid body making angles α, β and γ with each other.

According to Lami’s theorem , the particle shall be in equilibrium if

The angle between the force vectors is taken when all the three vectors are emerging from the particle.